The Group of 20 (G20) major economies on October 31 committed to the key goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but some disappointed leaders warned more was needed to make a success of UN climate talks beginning in Scottish port city Glasgow.

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, the host of the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) that opened on October 31, said the pledge from world leaders after two days of talks in the Italian capital Rome was “not enough”, and warned of the dire consequences for the planet.

“If Glasgow fails, the whole thing fails,” he told reporters, saying the G20 commitments were “drops in a rapidly warming ocean”.

UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres said he left Rome “with my hopes unfulfilled – but at least they are not buried”.

The G20 nations between them emit nearly 80 per cent of carbon emissions, and a firm commitment on action was viewed as vital for the success of the UN’s COP26.

US President Joe Biden said the summit made “tangible” progress on many issues but said he found it “disappointing” that Russia and China, whose leaders attended only via video link, did not offer stronger climate pledges.

He vowed to “continue to focus on what China is not doing, what Russia is not doing, and what Saudi Arabia is not doing”.

In a final communique, the G20 reaffirmed its support for the goals in the landmark 2015 Paris climate accords, to keep “the global average temperature increase well below two degrees and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels”.

They said this would require “meaningful and effective actions and commitment by all countries, taking into account different approaches”, while they also promised measures against coal use.

But experts say meeting the 1.5C target means slashing global emissions nearly in half by 2030 and to “net-zero” by 2050 – and the G20 set no firm date, speaking only of reaching the goal of net zero “by or around mid-century”.

Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi, who hosted the G20 talks, said he was “proud of these results, but we must remember that it’s only the start”.

Eyes now turn to Glasgow, where more than 120 heads of state and government, including Biden, India’s Narendra Modi and Australia’s Scott Morrison, were heading from Rome.

The G20 leaders did agree to end funding for new unabated coal plants abroad – those whose emissions have not gone through any filtering process – by the end of 2021.

But environmental campaign group Greenpeace slammed the final statement as “weak, lacking both ambition and vision”, saying G20 leaders “failed to meet the moment”.

“If the G20 was a dress rehearsal for COP26, then world leaders fluffed their lines,” said executive director Jennifer Morgan.

Friederike Roder, senior director at anti-poverty group Global Citizen, told AFP the summit had produced “half-measures rather than concrete actions”.

European leaders pointed out that given the fundamental divisions among the world’s most advanced nations, a joint commitment to what was the most ambitious Paris goal was a step forward.

“I hear all the very alarmed talk on these subjects. I’m myself worried and we are fully mobilised,” said French President Emmanuel Macron.

“But I would like us to take a step back and look at the situation where we were four years ago”, when former US President Donald Trump announced he was pulling out of the treaty.

Draghi said that the needle had moved markedly even in the past few days, including by China – by far the world’s biggest carbon polluter.

Beijing plans to make its economy carbon neutral before 2060, but has resisted pressure to offer nearer-term goals.

Earlier on October 31, Draghi, Britain’s Prince Charles and Pope Francis had all called on leaders to think big.

Calling climate change “the defining challenge of our times”, Draghi warned: “Either we act now … or we delay acting, pay a much higher price later, and risk failing.”

Pope Francis, who is outspoken on the issue and received several G20 leaders at the Vatican this weekend, said: “This is a moment to dream big, to rethink our priorities … The time to act, and to act together, is now!”