A man receives his Covid-19 vaccine at a free distribution of rapid test kits to people receiving their vaccines or boosters at Union Station in Los Angeles, the US state of California, on Friday. AFP
Under well-established law, the Biden administration’s vaccination mandates are clearly legal. But the politicisation of the pandemic and vaccines makes it doubtful whether the Supreme Court will uphold them. Cases involving two regulations that imposed vaccination requirements on workers went before the court on January 7.
One rule calls for employers with more than 100 workers to require vaccinations or weekly Covid-19 tests of their employees. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, created the workplace mandate as an emergency and temporary fix, which can be adopted when “employees are exposed to grave danger from exposure to substances or agents determined to be toxic or physically harmful or from new hazards.”
On December 17, the US 6th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favour of the Biden administration and upheld the rule. The court explained that given “OSHA’s clear and exercised authority to regulate viruses,” the agency “necessarily has the authority to regulate infectious diseases that are not unique to the workplace.” In addition, the court said OSHA demonstrated “the pervasive danger” that Covid-19 poses to employees – the unvaccinated, in particular – in their workplaces.
This is clearly correct. The federal statute gives OSHA the ability to protect workers from “grave danger from exposure” to “new hazards.” As the 6th Circuit observed, more than 800,000 Americans have died of Covid-19, and its presence in the workplace is a serious risk to employees.
The other regulation the Supreme Court will consider was adopted by the Centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It entails requiring that all health care workers at facilities that participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programmes be fully vaccinated against Covid-19, unless they’re eligible for a medical or religious exemption. Twenty-six states, all led by Republican officials, brought several lawsuits challenging this rule. Two federal appellate courts deemed the rule invalid, while one federal court of appeals upheld it.
As a matter of law, this second rule should be upheld as well. As the US 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, which ruled in favour of the Biden administration, said: “Health care workers have long been required to obtain inoculations for infectious diseases,” such as measles, rubella and mumps, because vaccination is a “common-sense measure designed to prevent healthcare workers, whose job it is to improve patients’ health, from making them sicker.” The federal government can always set conditions on entities receiving federal funds.
The Supreme Court was asked to issue emergency orders in these cases. Without waiting for a full briefing on those requests, however, the justices took the very unusual step of granting review on both regulations and scheduled the cases for expedited oral arguments. The issues before the court are likely to be primarily about the statutory authority of OSHA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to issue the regulations, rather than the constitutionality of the rules.
These should be easy cases, especially for the conservative justices, who profess that statutes should be interpreted solely based on their plain language. The laws in question give federal agencies the authority to adopt these rules. Firmly established law also requires judicial deference to agency decisions, which certainly should mean deference to the government when it takes emergency action to protect public health in a pandemic.
But if I were a betting person, I’d wager against the Biden administration. In the lower courts, the judges almost always split along partisan lines in these cases. Judges appointed by Democratic presidents voted to uphold the regulations, and those appointed by Republican presidents voted to strike them down. For example, the 11th Circuit decision upholding the Medicare and Medicaid regulation was 2 to 1, divided exactly in that way.
This reflects the larger political divide in the US about Covid-19 and vaccinations. A study in December found that four in 10 Republicans remain unvaccinated, compared with just one in 10 Democrats.
The tragedy of the last two years has included bizarre political wrangling around a pandemic. The efficacy of vaccinations and masks in preventing Covid-19 is not in question, yet a large political chasm has developed with deadly consequences. The 13 states with the highest hospitalisation rate per 100,000 residents, and the 15 states with the highest percentage of deaths per 100,000 people, all have Republican governors.
The hope must be that the Supreme Court will transcend the politics of Covid-19 and simply follow the clear law to uphold the Biden administration’s vaccination mandates. What a wonderful surprise that would be – to help protect the health of many people and limit the spread of a devastating communicable disease.
Erwin Chemerinsky is dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law. He wrote this for the Los Angeles Times.
THE KOREA HERALD/ASIA NEWS NETWORK
